Voltage-gated sodium channels gene expression in Burning Mouth Syndrome: a case-control study

Abstract Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a condition characterized by painful symptoms of the oral mucosa, despite the absence of any clinical signs. Its etiology is unknown, and there is still no effective treatment to date. Current evidence has shown neuropathic impairment in BMS patients. Neuropathic pain can be related to the dysfunction of voltage-gated sodium channels, considering that these receptors regulate the induction of action potentials in nociceptive neurons. This study evaluated the gene expression of voltage-gated sodium channels Na v 1.7, Na v 1.8 and Na v 1.9 in these patients. The gene expressions of these channels were assessed by real time RT-PCR analysis of fresh-frozen tongue biopsies in a case-control study composed of 12 patients with BMS, and 5 healthy control patients, proportionally matched by sex and age, and analyzed using the 2^(-Delta Delta CT) method. There was no statistically significant difference between the analyzed groups, despite the increase in Na v 1.7 (fold-change = 3.13, p = 0.52) and decrease in Na v 1.9 (fold-change = 0.45, p = 0.36) gene expression in the BMS group. The Na v 1.8 gene was not expressed in any of the samples analyzed. Although the gene expression in the voltage-gated sodium channels in BMS under study seems to be comparable with that of the normal oral mucosa, the functionality of these channels in BMS has not yet been identified, thus suggesting that further research is needed to better understand these voltage-gated sodium channels.

Solitary fibrous tumor of the tongue

ABSTRACT Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a benign mesenchymal neoplasm originally described in pleura with a rare presentation in the oral cavity. Herein, we report a case of a 28-year-old male patient who presented an asymptomatic slow-growing mass in the anterior part of the tongue. Intraoral examination revealed a well-circumscribed mass covered by normal mucosa with a fibrous consistency. Due to non-specific clinical findings, the initial diagnostic hypotheses include benign submucosal neoplasms such as leiomyoma, neurofibroma, SFT, and others. An excisional biopsy was performed. Microscopically, the tumor was surrounded by a thick fibrous capsule; hypo and hypercellular areas were arranged in a storiform pattern with a stroma formed by collagen and abundant vascularization. Tumor cells showed immunopositivity for CD34 and STAT-6 and no expression of CD99, AML, S-100, and Ki-67. According to these findings, the diagnosis of SFT was established. After 24 months, the patient is asymptomatic and has no evidence of recurrence. Although oral involvement is rare, SFT should be included in the differential diagnosis of oral submucosal lesions.

Influence of nicotine dependence, current smoking status and gender on CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and CYP2A6 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma / Influência da dependência nicotínica, parâmetros de consumo de tabaco e gênero na expressão de CYP1A1, CYP1B1 e CYP2A6 em carcinoma de células escamosas oral

Objective: Tobacco smoke is composed of cancer-causing chemicals referred to as carcinogens. These carcinogens are metabolized by the enzymes of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family. Our objective was to evaluate the correlation of tobacco consumption parameters with CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and CYP2A6 expression using qRT-PCR in samples of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Material and Methods: The sample was divided into 2 groups: Cancer (36 subjects) and non-Cancer (12 subjects). The smokers' participants (36) were evaluated regarding their Nicotine dependence (ND) was assessed by the Fagerström test for cigarette dependence (FTCD). Questions regarding tobacco consumption like the number of cigarettes/day (CPD), duration of use, and pack-years were also evaluated. The Mann-Whitney and Spearman correlation tests were used at a significance level of 5%. Results: 48 participants were included, 32 men (66.7%), 36 smokers (75%) and 27 smokers with OSCC (56.3%). Samples of OSCC expressed more CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and CYP2A6. Especially, the CYP1B1 gene was significantly expressed in OSCC samples, regardless gender or tobacco use. No women expressed CYP2A6, as well as, non-smokers did not express the CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 genes. CYP1A1 gene was higher among men (P = 0.021). Conclusion: Lack of exposure to tobacco may justify the absence of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 expression in non-smokers. The CYP1B1 gene was significantly expressed in the cancer presence despite gender or tobacco use. The assessment of ND and quantification of tobacco consumption are important instruments in monitoring smokers with benign oral lesions and, especially, in the presence of cancer.(AU)

Objetivo: A fumaça do tabaco é composta de substâncias químicas cancerígenas conhecidas como carcinógenos. Esses carcinógenos são metabolizados pelas enzimas da família do citocromo P450 (CYP). Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a correlação dos parâmetros do consumo de tabaco com a expressão de CYP1A1, CYP1B1 e CYP2A6 por qRT-PCR em amostras de carcinoma de células escamosas bucal (CCEB). Material e Métodos: A amostra foi dividida em 2 grupos: Câncer (36 indivíduos) e sem Câncer (12 indivíduos). Os participantes fumantes (36) foram avaliados quanto à dependência nicotínica (DN) pelo teste de Fagerström para dependência de cigarro (TFDC). Questões relacionadas ao consumo de tabaco como número de cigarros / dia (CPD), tempo de uso e anos-maço também foram avaliadas. Os testes de correlação de Mann-Whitney e Spearman foram utilizados com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: foram incluídos 48 participantes, 32 homens (66,7%), 36 fumantes (75%) e 27 fumantes com CCEB (56,3%). Amostras de CCEB expressaram mais CYP1A1, CYP1B1 e CYP2A6. Especialmente, o gene CYP1B1 foi significativamente expresso em amostras de CCEB, apesar do sexo ou uso de tabaco. Nenhuma mulher expressou CYP2A6, assim como, não fumantes não expressaram os genes CYP1A1 e CYP2A6. O gene CYP1A1 foi maior entre os homens (P = 0,021). Conclusão: A falta de exposição pode justificar a ausência da expressão dos genes CYP1A1 e CYP2A6 entre não fumantes. O gene CYP1B1 foi significativamente expresso na presença de câncer, independentemente do sexo ou do uso de tabaco. A avaliação da DN e a quantificação do consumo de tabaco são importantes instrumentos no acompanhamento de fumantes com lesões bucais benignas e, principalmente, na presença de câncer (AU)

Salivary Immunoglobulins in Individuals with Common Variable Immunodeficiency

Abstract Oral manifestations of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) are rare, have rarely been studied and have given controversial results. There are few data about IgA, IgG, and IgM antibody salivary levels in the literature, and there are few papers about the clinical impact of antibody deficiencies and CVID on the oral health of such patients. The aim of this study was to measure serum and salivary IgA, IgG, and IgM levels in CVID participants and controls, and to associate immunoglobulin levels with caries and periodontal disease. This was a case-control study involving 51 CVID individuals and 50 healthy controls. All participants underwent examination for dental caries and periodontal disease. Blood and whole saliva samples were collected on the same day of the oral examination. Serum IgA, IgM, and IgG levels were measured by turbidimetry and salivary IgA, IgM, and IgG titers were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Incidences of caries and gingivitis were significantly higher in the CVID group than in the control group (p<0.05). Salivary and blood IgA and IgM titers were significantly reduced in the CVID group, but there was no association of salivary immunoglobulin levels with periodontal disease or with caries incidence (p>0.05 for both). Although CVID was associated with increased susceptibility to caries and gingivitis, it was not associated with low salivary levels of IgA and IgM.

Resumo As manifestações orais em pacientes com imunodeficiência comum variável (ICV) têm sido pouco estudadas e com resultados variados. Há escassos dados na literatura sobre os níveis de IgA, IgG e IgM na saliva, e pouco se sabe sobre o impacto clínico da deficiência destes anticorpos sobre a saúde bucal de pacientes com ICV. O objetivo deste estudo foi medir os níveis séricos e salivares de IgA, IgG e IgM em indivíduos com ICV e controles, e associar os níveis de imunoglobulinas com cárie e doença periodontal. Este foi um estudo de caso-controle, envolvendo 51 indivíduos ICV e 50 controles saudáveis. Todos os participantes foram examinados para cárie e doença periodontal. As amostras de sangue e saliva foram coletadas no mesmo dia do exame intraoral. Os níveis de IgA, IgM e IgG foram medidos por turbidimetria, e os títulos salivares de IgA, IgM e IgG foram avaliados através método imunoenzimático (ELISA). As incidências de cáries e gengivite foram significativamente maiores no grupo ICV do que no grupo controle (p<0,05). Os níveis de IgA e IgM salivares e no sangue foram significativamente reduzidos no grupo ICV, porém não houve associação dos níveis de imunoglobulina salivar com doença periodontal ou com a incidência de cárie (p>0,05 para ambos). Embora ICV foi associado com um aumento da susceptibilidade à cárie e gengivite, não estava associado com baixos níveis salivares de IgA e IgM.

Oral health as a predictive factor for oral mucositis

OBJECTIVES: Oral mucositis is a complication frequently associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, decreasing a patient's quality of life and increasing the occurrence of opportunistic infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and severity of oral mucositis and to assess the correlation of this disease with the oral health of an individual at the time of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. METHODS: Before transplantation, patients' oral health and inflammatory conditions were determined using the gingival index and the plaque index, which are based on gingival bleeding and the presence of dental plaque, respectively. Additionally, the dental health status was determined using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index. The monitoring of oral mucositis was based on the World Health Organization grading system and was performed for five periods: from Day 0 to D+5, from D+6 to D+10, from D+11 to D+15, from D+16 to D+20, and from D+21 to D+30. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients (56% male and 44% female) who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at the Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo between January 2008 and July 2009 were prospectively examined. The incidence of ulcerative mucositis was highest from days +6 to +10 and from days +11 to +15 in the patients who underwent autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, respectively. CONCLUSION: The data, including the dental plaque and periodontal status data, showed that these oral health factors were predictive of the incidence and severity of oral mucositis in a cohort of patients with similar conditioning regimens before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. .

Oral smooth muscle tumors: analysis of 49 cases and literature review / Tumores musculares orais: análise de 49 casos e revisão de literatura

The aim of this study is to analyse and compare the clinical features of leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma, because they help in the differential diagnosis. Records from Oral Pathology Department of Dental School at University of São Paulo during the period 1962-2010 were analysed. There were 49 cases of smooth muscle tumors: 27 leiomyomas and 22 leiomyosarcomas. Cases of smooth muscle tumors of the oral cavity were also compiled from 1970 to 2010. These tumors represented 0,092% of all oral lesions, with similar distribution between genders. Leiomyoma was more frequent in the fifth decade of life. The lips and the tongue were the most common sites. The majority of cases were asymptomatic. The accomplished treatment was surgical excision, with excellent prognosis. Leiomyosarcoma was more frequent in patients up to 50 years and the jaws were the most affected sites. The majority of cases were symptomatic and the pain was the most present symptom. Complete surgical resection was the most appropriate treatment. The recurrence rate was 27%, with 24% of metastasis and 30% of mortality, demonstrating the bad prognosis of this lesion.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar as características clínicas de leiomioma e leiomiossarcoma de boca, visto que auxiliam no diagnóstico diferencial. Foram analisados 49 casos de tumores de músculo liso em cavidade oral diagnosticados no Departamento de Patologia Bucal da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo entre 1962 e 2010, sendo 27 leiomiomas e 22 leiomiossarcomas. Também foi realizado um levantamento de casos de tumores de músculo liso publicados na literatura entre 1970 e 2010. Foi observada uma frequência de 0,092% de tumores de músculo liso em boca, com distribuição semelhante entre os sexos. O leiomioma foi mais comum na quinta e sexta décadas de vida, sendo os lábios e a língua os locais mais afetados. A maioria dos casos eram assintomáticos. O tratamento realizado foi a excisão cirúrgica, com prognóstico excelente. Já o leiomiossarcoma apresentou maior frequência em pacientes acima de 50 anos, sendo os ossos gnáticos as regiões mais acometidas. A maioria dos pacientes eram sintomáticos e a dor foi o sintoma mais encontrado. O tratamento mais adequado foi a ressecção cirúrgica completa.O índice de recidiva foi de 27%, com 24% de metástases e 30% de mortalidade, demonstrando o prognóstico sombrio dessa lesão.

Evaluation of the inflammatory response of the subcutaneous conjunctive of mice against some endodontic irrigations solutions

Introduction: Sodium hypochlorite has been used as an endodontic irrigant since 1936, when Walker used it as Sodium Chlorine. Since then it has became the most well acceptable endodontic irrigant. During the last few years many studies have reported the importance of pH control. Objective: This study evaluates the inflammatory response of some endodontic irrigations solutions in the subcutaneous connective tissue of mice. Material and methods: Thirty-six mice were obtained from the Biomedical Sciences Institute at the University of São Paulo. Their backs were divided into four quadrants and each quadrant was injured with an 8 mm punch. Three of these wounds were submitted to differents solutions, while the fourth was used as a control. This experiment was done in triplicate. After the irrigation of the wounds, the mice were sacrificed at 3, 7 and 14 days. The samples were fixed on 10% formalin and histologically analyzed after hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: At 14 days all wounds were covered with epithelium with a mild inflammatory infiltrate in the subjacent connective tissue, except for the group that employed 5% sodium hypochlorite at pH 11. Conclusion: The greatest the pH and concentration of sodium hypochlorite solutions, the most toxic they are.

Câncer de boca baseado em evidências científicas / Oral cancer based on scientific evidences

Apesar dos inúmeros avanços no conhecimento científico do câncer de boca até o momento, muito ainda há para ser corretamente descoberto e compreendido. Convicções do passado foram substituídas por novas evidências científicas. O câncer de boca acomete cerca de 275.000 pessoas no mundo anualmente sendo mais de 14.100 casos no Brasil, em 90% dos casos é diagnosticado como carcinoma epidermoide. A taxa de mortalidade permanece praticamente a mesma de décadas passadas. Suas características clínicas são bastante conhecidas, mas apesar disso o número de pacientes diagnosticados tardiamente permanece alto. A biologia celular avançou muito, porém ainda carece de um marcador eficiente. A biópsia permanece como o padrão ouro do diagnóstico, apesar das pesquisas realizadas com outras técnicas. O tratamento odontológico de pacientes portadores de neoplasias malignas será cada vez mais comum nos consultórios e o Cirurgião-Dentista deverá estar preparado para diagnosticar e lidar com essas situações

Although the advances in the oral cancer knowledge, several issues have to be addressed for a better understood of this disease. Convictions of the past have been replaced by new scientific evidences. Oral cancer affects annually more than 275.000 people worldwide and more than 14.100 cases in Brazil, 90% of these are squamous cell carcinoma; the mortality rate remains the same for many decades. Their clinical characteristics are well known, but despite this, the number of patients with late diagnosis remains high. Cell biology had a great advance in the last years and a precise marker is still a dream. Biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis of oral cancer in spite of studies with other techniques. The dental treatment of oncologic patients will be more common and the dentist should be prepared to diagnose and manage these patients

Aspectos relacionados ao câncer oral de interesse na periodontia / Oral cancer related aspects of interest in periodontics

Dentre as doenças mais comuns que afetam a cavidade oral, o câncer é a terceira condição mais frequente, ficando logo após a cárie e a doença periodontal. A etiologia do câncer está associada principalmente a mutações genéticas que proporcionam mudanças nas funções celulares. Fatores comportamentais como uso do álcool e tabaco constituem os principais fatores de risco para o câncer da cavidade oral. A importância do conhecimento sobre os tipos e a etiopatogenia das neoplasias da cavidade oral implica principalmente no correto diagnóstico e na detecção de pacientes de alto risco, bem como na utilização de medidas preventivas no controle dessa doença. O planejamento e o tratamento odontológico prévio e posteriores às intervenções das neoplasias orais são de fundamental importância e nesse aspecto, a detecção de patologias, como a doença periodontal, que possam estar associadas direta ou indiretamente a essas lesões podem interferir na complexidade dessa doença e no seu tratamento.

Within the most common diseases that occur in the oral cavity, cancer is the third most frequent condition, right after tooth decay and periodontal disease. The etiology of cancer is mainly associated with genetic mutations which provide changes in cellular functions. Behavioral factors such as alcohol and tobacco consumption are the major risk factors for oral cancer. The importance of knowledge about the types and pathogenesis of tumors of the oral cavity involves primarily the correct diagnosis and detection of patients at high risk as well as the use of preventive measures for the control of this disease. The planning and dental treatment prior and subsequent to the therapeutic interventions of oral cancer are essential and in this respect, the detection of pathologies such as periodontal disease, which direct or indirectly interfere with the complexity of this disease and its treatment

Avaliação da expressão de microRNAs em linhagens celulares de carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço e em cultura primária de queratinócitos orais / Evaluation of microRNA expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and in primary culture of oral keratinocytes

Objective: Functional in vitro studies are fundamental to understand the role of microRNAs, small non coding RNA molecules that function as post-transcriptional regulators, in cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the applicability of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and human oral keratinocytes as models for functional studies on microRNAs previously identified as deregulated in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Methods: The expression level of four microRNAs was assessed in cell lines and in primary cultures of oral keratinocytes using specific real-time polymerase chain reactions. The identity of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines was confirmed by means of STR (short tandem repeats) profiling. The possible impact of feeder-layer gene expression in global microRNA expression results from keratinocyte primary culture was also evaluated. Results: Significant differences in microRNA gene expression were observed among squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, particularly among cells lines from distinct subsites, as well as between primary culture of human keratinocytes and immortalized keratinocyte cell lines. Conclusions: Primary cultures of human keratinocytes and diverse tumor cell lines are relatively easy to obtain. However, each cell model possesses a characteristic phenotype; whereas one may be useful for a specific study, it may be inappropriate for another. Therefore, it is imperative that suitable cell lines are cautiously selected for functional studies in cancer.

Objetivo: Estudos funcionais in vitro são essenciais para a compreensão do papel de microRNAs, pequenas moléculas de RNA que desempenham papel importante na regulação gênica, no câncer. Neste estudo, analisamos a viabilidade de linhagens celulares derivadas de carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço, queratinócitos orais provenientes de culturas primárias e queratinócitos imortalizados, como modelos para estudos funcionais de microRNAs previamente identificados como desregulados nesse tipo de carcinoma. Métodos: Avaliamos a expressão de quatro microRNAs em linhagens celulares e em cultura primária de queratinócitos orais por meio de reações em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real específica. As linhagens celulares de carcinoma epidermoide de boca foram previamente caracterizadas quanto ao seu perfil de sequências de DNA do tipo STR (do inglês short tandem repeats ou repetições curtas em sequência) com o objetivo de confirmar a identidade da linhagem. Avaliamos ainda a possível influência da expressão gênica detectada na camada de sustentação usada no cultivo de queratinócitos no resultado global obtido. Resultados: Nossos resultados apontam diferenças significativas na expressão dos microRNAs entre linhagens celulares passíveis de serem utilizadas como modelos para estudos funcionais em carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço. Ressaltam-se diferenças entre linhagens de carcinoma de língua e de faringe, bem como diferenças expressivas entre a linhagem de queratinócitos orais imortalizados e queratinócitos orais normais provenientes de culturas primárias. Conclusão: Culturas primárias de queratinócitos orais bem como linhagens tumorais são obtidas de forma relativamente simples. Entretanto, cada modelo celular possui características particulares que os tornam mais ou menos adequados para um determinado estudo. Conclui-se que a seleção cuidadosa das linhagens é fundamental para estudos funcionais sobre câncer.

Fatores Prognósticos no Câncer de Boca / Prognostic Factors in Oral Cancer

Objetivo: O presente trabalho se propôs a apresentar revisãode literatura sobre os fatores prognósticos clínicos maisrelevantes do câncer bucal. Método: Para elaboração deuma revisão da literatura, do tipo analítica e temática, pormeio da base de dados PUBMED e SCIELO, foram pesquisadosartigos da literatura médica da língua inglesa e portuguesapublicados no período de 1980 a 2009 com auxílio dos termos:fatores prognósticos, indicadores prognósticos, prognósticodo câncer oral, recorrência do câncer oral. Foram incluídosos artigos que abordavam o carcinoma epidermóide assimcomo as suas características clínicas, imaginológicas,estadiamento clínico, dentre outros aspectos, todos denatureza clínica. Foram excluídos os artigos cujasabordagens fossem referentes a experimentos e análiseslaboratoriais e que envolvessem marcadores tumorais ououtros indicadores moleculares do câncer. Resultados: Deum total de 15.542 artigos, 23 foram selecionados e foiobservado que lesões localizadas em regiões de difícilacesso cirúrgico em áreas anatômicas de maior circulaçãosanguínea ou linfática (como a língua) possuem piorprognóstico; quanto mais espesso o tumor e quanto maiorseu estadiamento TNM pior poderá ser a evolução dopaciente. Conclusão: Para as equipes multidisciplinares, quese dedicam ao tratamento desses doentes, o conhecimentoadequado da doença e dos seus fatores prognósticos devetornar cada membro apto à prevenção, identificação econtrole do câncer bucal...

Objective: The present work aimed to present a brief reviewof literature on the most relevant prognostic factors to theclinical prognosis of patients with oral cancer consideringthe experience with clinical cases treated at our Oral Center.Method: An analytic and thematic literature review wasperformed through the PubMed and SciELO database articles.Texts were searched in the English and Portuguese medicalliterature, which were published from 1980 to 2009. Thefollowing key-words were used: prognostic factors,prognostic indicators, oral cancer prognosis, and oral cancerrecurrence. Were included articles that addressed squamouscell carcinoma, since it is the most prevalent oral cancer, aswell as clinical features, imaging procedures, clinical stage,recurrence rates, and aggressive behavior related to themost significant prognostic factors such as patient age, tumorlocation, tumor thickness and TNM classification. Wereexcluded articles whose approaches were related tolaboratorial and experimental tests and involving tumormarkers or molecular indicators of oral cancer. Results: Froma total of 15.542 articles, twenty-three were selected aftercriteria application, and it was observed that lesions locatedin areas with difficult surgical access and with greater bloodor lymphatic circulation (such as the tongue) have a worseprognosis; greater tumor thickness and TNM staging areassociated with worst outcomes. Conclusion: Therefore,each member of the multidisciplinary group which assistsOSCC patients must comprehend this pathology and itsprognostic factors in order to become able to prevent,recognize and control the oral cancer...

Immunolocalization of bmp2/4, tgfβ-1 and osteonectin in fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws / Imunolocalização de bmp2/4, tgfß-1 e osteonectina em lesões-fibro-óssea benignas

Objetivo: as lesões fibro-ósseas benignas (LFOB) correspondem a um grupo diverso de patologias caracterizadas pela substituição do tecido ósseo por tecido conjuntivo e matriz extracelular mineralizada. Pouco se conhece a respeito da etiologia desse grupo de lesões. Propomo-nos a analisar por meio da técnica imunohistoquímica a expressão de 3 moléculas (osteonectina, TGFβ-1 e BMP 2/4) envolvidas no metabolismo ósseo. Métodos: Trinta e dois casos diagnosticados como osso normal (ON,8), displasia fibrosa (DF,8), displasia cemento-óssea (DCO,8) e fibroma cemento-ossificante (FCO,8) foram selecionados. Resultados: A osteonectina e a BMP2/4 foram positivas em todos os casos. O TGFβ-1 revelou positividade em 1 caso de DCO e FCO. Conclusão: Os achados imunohistoquímicos sugerem que as LFOB tem processos diferentes de produção de tecido ósseo.

Background: Benign fibro-osseous lesions (BFOL) comprise a diverse group of pathologies characterized by the replacement of normal bone by fibrous tissue and a mineralized product. Little is known about the biology of this group of lesions. We have analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of three molecules involved in bone metabolism, namely osteonectin, TGF-b1, and BMP2/4. Methods: Thirty-two cases diagnosed as normal jaw bone (NJB, 8 cases), fibrous dysplasia (FD, 8 cases), cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD, 8 cases), and cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF, 8 cases) were selected. Results: Osteonectin and BMP2/4 antibodies were positive in all cases. TGFb-1 labeling was seen in one case of COD and COF. Conclusion: The immunohistochemistry findings suggest that BFOL have different processes of osseous tissue production.

Aspectos clínicos e histológicos en la queilitis actínica crónica, su relación con el virus del papiloma humano / Clinical and histologic features of the chronic actinic cheilits: its relation with HPV

Los virus del papiloma humanos (HPVs) oncogénicos son importantes agentes en la etiología del cáncer ginecológico y actualmente han sido relacionados también a algunas lesiones carcinógenas y a algunos tipos de cánceres de boca. Con el objetivo de determinar la presencia del HPV en la queilitis fueron evaluados y considerados aptos para el estudio 29 pacientes portadores de quelitis actínica crónica y 29 pacientes en el grupo control. Se utilizó la PCR para detectar la presencia del HPV en muestras de tejido fresco, provenientes de labios enfermos. La quelitis actínica crónica (QAC) ocurrió en individuos de raza blanca, 19 hombres y 10 mujeres, con media de edad 56 años. En el análisis de las características clínicas se registraron varias alteraciones. También se evaluaron los aspectos histológicos de la QAC y se encontraron atipia en diferentes grados en todos los casos. Concluimos que todos los casos presentaron resultados negativos del aislamiento viral.

Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) are important oncogenic agents in the etiology of gynecologic cancer and now have been linked to some pre-malignant lesions and some types of oral cancers. In order to assess the presence of HPV in the cheilitis were used for the study 29 patients with and 29 patients in the control group. PCR was used to detect the presence of HPV in samples of fresh tissue from diseased lips. The chronic actinic cheilitis occurred in caucasians, 19 males and 10 females, mean age 56 years. In the analysis of the clinical features were recorded many alterations. We also evaluated the histologic features of the chronic actinic cheilitis and atypia were found in varying degrees in all cases. We conclude that all cases had negative results for viral isolation.

HOXB5 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Human HOX genes encode transcription factors that act as master regulators of embryonic development. They are important in several processes such as cellular morphogenesis and differentiation. The HOXB5 gene in particular has been reported in some types of neoplasm, but not in oral cancer. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the expression of HOXB5 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and in non-tumoral adjacent tissues, focusing on verifying its possible role as a broad tumor-associated gene and its association with histopathological and clinical (TNM) characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: RT-PCR was performed to amplify HOXB5 mRNA in 15 OSCCs and adjacent non-tumoral epithelium. A possible association with TNM and histopathologic data was verifed by the chi-square and post-hoc t-test. RESULTS: HOXB5 was amplifed in 60 percent non-tumoral epithelium and in 93.3 percent carcinomas. No statistically signifcant differences were found regarding the HOXB5 mRNA expression and TNM or histological grade. CONCLUSION: HOXB5 is expressed in OSCCs and its role in cancer progression should be further investigated.

Avaliação da diluição do DNA extraído de material parafinado para amplificação em PCR / Evaluation of DNA dilution extracted of paraffin-embedded material for PCR amplification

Introdução: Alguns fatores, como a presença de substâncias inibidoras e degradação do DNA, podem contribuir para a falha na detecção de genes, através da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), a partir de DNA extraído de material parafinado. A diluição do DNA frequentemente pode reduzir o número de inibidores e contaminantes e ainda assim conter DNA suficiente para a amplificação em PCR. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da diluição de soluções de DNA extraído de material parafinado na amplificação por PCR do gene ß-globina humana. Material e método: Foram utilizados 30 blocos parafinados de carcinomas epidermoides de orofaringe referentes a pacientes diagnosticados e tratados no Centro de Oncologia Bucal da FOA-UNESP. A extração do DNA foi realizada com o sistema QIAamp DNA minikit (Quiagen). O DNA obtido foi quantificado e avaliado quanto à pureza por espectrofotometria. Dois grupos foram formados com diferentes quantidades de DNA, sendo que o Grupo I foi constituído pelo DNA originalmente extraído e o Grupo II com o mesmo DNA , porém diluído com adição de água ultrapura.

Foi realizada a PCR utilizando-se oligonucleotídeos iniciadores para ß-globina. Resultados: No grupo I, 33,33% das amostras foram positivas para o gene ß-globina, enquanto no Grupo II, 23,33% foram positivas. Conclusão: Neste estudo, a diluição do DNA extraído de material parafinado não alterou estatisticamente a quantidade de amostras positivas por PCR para o gene ß-globina, embora os resultados obtidos sugiram que esta seja uma das formas de aumentar a eficácia do método de amplificação por PCR

Immunohistochemical expression of p53, p16 and hTERT in oral squamous cell carcinoma and potentially malignant disorders

Oral carcinogenesis is a multi-step process. One possible step is the development of potentially malignant disorders known as leukoplakia and erytroplakia. The objective of this study was to use immunohistochemistry to analyze the patterns of expression of the cell-cycle regulatory proteins p53 and p16INK4a in potentially malignant disorders (PMD) of the oral mucosa (with varying degrees of dysplasia) and in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) to correlate them with the expression of telomerase (hTERT). Fifteen PMD and 30 OSCC tissue samples were analyzed. Additionally, 5 cases of oral epithelial hyperplasia (OEH) were added to analyze clinically altered mucosa presenting as histological hyperplasia without dysplasia. p53 positivity was observed in 93.3 percent of PMD, in 63.3 percent of OSCC and in 80 percent of OEH. Although there was no correlation between p53 expression and the grade of dysplasia, all cases with severe dysplasia presented p53 suprabasal immunoexpression. p16INK4a expression was observed in 26.7 percent of PMD, in 43.3 percent of OSCC and in 2 cases of OEH. The p16INK4a expression in OEH, PMD and OSCC was unable to differentiate non-dysplastic from dysplastic oral epithelium. hTERT positivity was observed in all samples of OEH and PMD and in 90 percent of OSCC. The high hTERT immunoexpression in all three lesions indicates that telomerase is present in clinically altered oral mucosa but does not differentiate hyperplastic from dysplastic oral epithelium. In PMD of the oral mucosa, the p53 immunoexpression changes according to the degree of dysplasia by mechanisms independent of p16INK4a and hTERT.

Detection of human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in coronary atherosclerotic tissue

Previous studies indicated that patients with atherosclerosis are predominantly infected by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), but rarely infected by type 1 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV-1). In this study, atheromas of 30 patients who underwent aortocoronary bypass surgery with coronary endartherectomy were tested for the presence of these two viruses. HCMV occurred in 93.3 percent of the samples and EBV-1 was present in 50 percent of them. Concurrent presence of both pathogens was detected in 43.3 percent of the samples.

Queilite actínica crônica, estudo e correlaçães dos aspectos clínicos e histopatológicos / Chronic actinic cheilits, study and correlations between clinical aspects and histopatological findings

A Queilite Actínica crônica (OAC) é uma lesão labial considerada uma das principais lesôes cancerizáveis da boca. Em nosso estudo foram avaliados 29 pacientes portadores de OAC, observando e relacionando a epidemiologia da doença, os aspectos clínicos e histológicos bem como os respectivos graus de atipia celular. A OAC ocorreu em 100% nos indivíduos da raça branca, em 19 homens (65,51%) e 10 mulheres (34,49) e na idade média de 56,14 anos. Foram avaliados também os aspectos clínicos e histológicos da OAC sendo encontrados 14 casos de atipia epitelial discreta (48,27%), 10 casos de atipia epitelial moderada (34,49%) e 5 casos de atipia epitelial severa (17,24%). Através de análise estatística concluímos que clinicamente a presença de áreas leuco- plasicas e o tempo de evolução da lesão superior a cinco anos estão diretamente relacionados aos casos de atipias epiteliais mais graves. O hábito de fumar e de beber parecem contribuir, mas não obtiveram resultados estatisticamente significativos ao aparecimento da 0Ae.

The Chronic Actinic Cheilitis (CAC) is a labial injury considered one of the main precancerous injuries of the mouth. Our study had been evaluated 29 carrying patients of CAC, observing and relating the epidemiology of the illness, clinical and histological aspects as well as the respective degrees of cellular atipia. The CAC occurred in 100% in the individuais of the white race, in 19 men (65.51%) and 10 women (34,49 %) and in the average age of 56,14 years. The clinical and histological aspects of the CAC found had been evaluated also. We found 14 cases of discrete epithelial atipia (48.27%), 10 cases of moderate epithelial atipia (34.49%) and 5 cases of severe epithelial atipia (17.24%). Through statistical analysis we concluded that the presence of leu- coplasics areas and evolution time superior of 5 years are directly related to the cases of more dangerous epithelial atipias. The habit to smoke and drink seems to contribute but they had not gotten statistical significance to the appearance of the CACo.

Immunohistochemical analysis for CD21, CD35, Caldesmon and S100 protein on dendritic cells types in oral lymphomas

OBJECTIVE: Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs) are dendritic cells found in lymphoid follicles, reactive follicles and in lymphomas. The goal of this study was to evaluate the presence and distribution of FDCs and IDCs in oral lymphomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry reactions were applied to 50 oral lymphomas using the antibodies anti-CD21, anti-CD35 and anti-caldesmon to FDCs, and anti-S100 protein to IDCs. Caldesmon+/FDCs and S100+/IDCs were quantified in Imagelab® software. RESULTS: FDCs revealed by CD21 and CD35 were positively stained in two cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, one MALT lymphoma, and in one case of mantle cell lymphoma. FDCs were immunopositive to caldesmon in all cases, as well as IDCs to S100 protein. Burkitt lymphoma presented a lower amount of caldesmon+/FDCs and S100+/IDCs than diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral mucosa type. CONCLUSIONS: The microenvironment determined by neoplastic lymphoid cells in oral lymphomas is responsible by the development and expression of dendritic cells types.

Expressão do RNA mensageiro de genes HOX em linhagens celulares de carcinomas epidermoides de cabeça e pescoço / HOX genes mRNA expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lineages

Os genes HOX são importantes para o controle do desenvolvimento embrionário e regulam aspectos da morfogênese e diferenciação celular. A associação entre os genes HOX e o processo da oncogênese tem sido verificada em casos de carcinomas de cólon, pele, rim, pulmão, mama, leucemias e outros tipos de câncer. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a expressão de genes HOX em linhagens celulares de carcinomas epidermoides de cabeça e pescoço. Para tanto, utilizamos a técnica RT-PCR para analisar a expressão de três grupos de genes HOX em linhagens celulares de carcinomas epidermoides de cabeça e pescoço: HN-6, HN-19, HN-30 e HN-31, utilizando-se os primeiros degenerados HOX1, HOX2 e HOX3 e coamplificação com o gene constitutivo da β-actina. Material de gengiva humana e embrião de camundongo foram utilizados como controle de expressão do gene HOX. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a expressão dos genes HOX apresentou padrão semelhante aos controles utilizados. Houve, porém, subexpressão do grupo HOX1 nas linhagens HN-6 e HN-19 e superexpressão do grupo HOX-2 na linhagem HN-31. Esses achados nos permitem levantar a hipótese de que os genes HOX podem participar das alterações moleculares observadas em carcinomas epidermoides de cabeça e pescoço.